|
| REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2016 | Volume
: 25
| Issue : 1 | Page : 4-10 |
 |
|
Psychological effects of amputation: A review of studies from India
Anamika Sahu1, Rajesh Sagar1, Siddharth Sarkar1, Sushma Sagar2
1 Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
2 Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| Date of Web Publication | 19-Dec-2016 |
Correspondence Address:
Rajesh Sagar
Department of Psychiatry, Room No. 4090, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0972-6748.196041
 Abstract | | |
Amputation is a major health burden on the families, society, and on medical services as well. Traumatic limb amputation is a catastrophic injury and an irreversible act which is sudden and emotionally devastating for the victims. In addition, it causes inability to support self and the family and driving many patients toward various psychiatric disorders. Extensive information regarding the effects of amputation has not been ascertained and therefore it was decided to do a systematic review. The goal of this review was to provide comprehensive information of peer-reviewed papers examining the psychological distress among amputees in India. A search of the literature resulted in a total of 12 articles with varied sample size from 16 to 190. The sample has been largely comprised males with lower limb amputation caused by primarily traumatic ones, i.e., motor vehicle accident, railway track accidents, machinery injury, blasts, etc., The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among amputees has been found to be in the range of 32% to 84% including depression rates 10.4%–63%, posttraumatic stress disorder 3.3%–56.3%, and phantom limb phenomenon 14%–92%. Although the studies reported that symptoms of anxiety and depression become better over the course of time, however surgical treatment providers need to liaise with psychiatrists and psychologists to support and deal with the psychological disturbances. Keywords: Amputation, depression, phantom limb phenomenon, posttraumatic stress disorder
How to cite this article:
Sahu A, Sagar R, Sarkar S, Sagar S. Psychological effects of amputation: A review of studies from India. Ind Psychiatry J 2016;25:4-10 |
Amputation of the limbs has been reported to a significantly stressful event for an individual.[1],[2] Amputation as a surgical option is resorted to in circumstances where salvaging a limb is improbable, and the remaining part of the limb tissue needs excision.[3],[4] Surgical amputation of a limb can be an elective procedure or an emergency procedure. The typical indications of amputation include trauma, infections, and neoplasms. Sometimes trauma inflicted during accident or blast may result in partial amputation which needs to be surgically completed to avoid complications.[5] Diabetes represents another condition when diabetic foot may require amputation when putrefaction starts to appear.[6],[7]
Amputation represents an irreversible surgical option which may result in physically challenged and bodily disfigurement. Many researches in the field of amputation reported that traumatic loss of a limb is typically equated with loss of spouse,[8] loss of one's perception of wholeness,[9] symbolic castration, and even death.[10],[11] This may result in the patient being severely affected emotionally and result in poor quality of life.[12],[13] The loss of the limb may cause distress not only due to the loss of a body part but also due to the role limitation and the need for adjustment to the changed lifestyle options. The individual undergoing amputation may be at risk of developing depressive disorder due to multiple factors such as feelings of loss, self-stigma, and difficulty in coping up with the impairment.[14],[15] The distressing events leading to the amputation, especially if amputation is induced by accident or blast, may induce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[16],[17] Thus, amputation as an event produces considerable stress and challenges the coping of the individual.
India is a vast country with a large number of individuals in the community with various disabilities. It had been estimated that there are roughly 0.62 amputees in India per thousand population.[18] This translates to close to one million individuals with amputations in the country. The sources of emotional support are probably different from India than the Western world as the familial ties are stronger and provide close supervision and support.[19] Moreover, the health-care service delivery characteristics in India differ considerably than elsewhere, with mental health care access being difficult and fragmentary. Understanding the experiences of amputees in the Indian context might be helpful to know the extent of the problem and the direction of further research or service delivery upgradation. Hence, this review explores the Indian literature on psychological morbidity in patient who has undergone amputations.
| Methodology | |  |
The present study aimed to collate the findings from observational studies reporting psychological distress among amputees in India.
Search strategy
The search strategy included electronic search engine databases: PubMed, PsychInfo, and Google Scholar. The keywords for the search were amputation, India, and psychological distress OR depression OR anxiety OR posttraumatic stress disorder. The searches were carried out in August 2015. Searches were independently conducted by authors. In addition, further studies were identified from the cross references. Unpublished material and nonpeer-reviewed material were not included as a part of the review, and hand searches of libraries were not conducted as a part of the present review.
Study selection
The present review included observational studies published in peer-reviewed English language journals pertaining to psychological distress. Case reports were not included in the present review. Nonlimb amputation was also not included in the present review. Those studies which did not report the prevalence of psychological distress in the study sample were not included.
Data extraction
All relevant abstracts were reviewed independently by investigators. After the initial evaluation, 16 abstracts were selected for further evaluation. Full texts of these abstracts were searched. Upon careful reading of the studies, 4 of 16 were not included in the review as they did not report the prevalence of psychological distress in the study sample.[18],[20],[21],[22] They were analysis and discuss the epidemiology, services and rehabilitation of amputees in India,[18] prevalence, etiology, levels of amputation,[20] rehabilitation after amputation,[21] and effect of anxiety, and depression on unilateral transtibial amputees.[22] Thus, rest of 12 studies were included for review.
| Results | | |
The review included 12 published articles based on ten study samples as mentioned in [Table 1]. The sample sizes of the studies have varied from 16[28] to 190.[29] The sampling method have varied from being consecutive to nonrandom purposive. The sample has been largely comprised young adult Hindu males. Most of them were married, educated approximately primary grade, and currently employed. The causes of amputation had been primarily traumatic ones (accidents-motor vehicle accident and railway track accidents, machinery injury, blasts, etc.) although other causes were also represented in the sample of amputees. In addition, lower limb amputation was noted in majority of cases than upper limb amputation and among them, most amputation performed with one limb.
Psychological morbidity had been reported in a considerable proportion of cases. There was heterogeneity in the assessment of psychological morbidity in the population of amputees. Assessment methods included clinical impression and diagnosis,[24],[26],[29],[32] as well as used of structured scales such as Beck Depression Inventory,[30] Beck Hopelessness Scale,[23] Carroll Rating Scale for depression,[25] General Health Questionnaire,[25] Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale,[24],[34] Hamilton Depression Rating Scale,[24],[34] Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale,[33] Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview [27],[28] State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,[25] Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorder,[34] and Trauma Symptom Inventory.[33]
The presence of any psychiatric disorder was found in 32%–84%[26],[27] of the sample. The rates of depression reported in the studies varied from 10.4[32] to 63%.[28] Rates of PTSD have ranged from 3.3%[24] to 56.3%.[29] Generalized anxiety disorder rates ranged from 3.4%[32] to 10%.[27] Follow-up studies show that rates of anxiety and depression decrease over a period of time.[24],[25],[33] Phantom limb phenomenon had been observed in a considerable proportion of patients with amputations (14%–92%) associated with pain, telescopy, and movement.[26],[27],[31],[34]
| Discussion | | |
The present review suggests that Indian literature pertaining to psychological effects of amputation has gradually accrued over time. The studies have been heterogeneous and have attempted to understand the psychological impairment and psychiatric disorders among the amputees from different perspectives. The studies though have been consistent in finding that a substantial proportion of those individuals who undergo amputation do suffer from psychological distress and psychiatric disorders.
The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among amputees has been found to be in the range of 32%–84%. These rates are generally high as compared to population-based psychiatric prevalence studies conducted in India.[35],[36] However, the case–controls studies in the present study provided an inconclusive picture. The study by Bhojak and Nathawat [23] found a lower level of hopelessness among surgical controls, while the study by Mozumdar and Roy [30] found a comparable level of depression among “non-amputated healthy males.” The rates of depression and PTSD also have been alarming in some of the studies.
The findings of this review call for adept management of the psychological distress among the amputees. Depression and anxiety are common problems among patients who have suffered from amputation. Both the antecedent circumstances preceding the amputation and the irreversible procedure of amputation itself may contribute to the occurrence of symptoms of psychological distress. The surgical treatment providers need to liaise with psychiatrists and psychologists so that a comprehensive evaluation occurs when required and treatment of psychiatric disorders if identified can be initiated. The patient may be benefitted by both psychotherapeutic interventions and pharmacological management options. Previous literature suggests that symptoms of anxiety and depression become better over the course of time although patient may need support from various sources while coming to terms with the impairment.
The present corpus of literature from India presents opportunities for further research. The numbers of studies which have followed up patients over a period of time are quite limited. Since Indian social support system and health-care delivery services are quite different from the Western world, the changes with time in the psychological distress and psychiatric morbidity can give a glimpse of remedial and accentuating factors. Moreover, studies need to consistently need to use standardized methods of making psychiatric diagnoses and eliciting symptoms using scales. This would help to compare the studies more accurately. Consistent subgroup analysis of traumatic and nontraumatic amputations can help discern the acuity of the psychological distress in these two groups. Moreover, intervention studies need to be conducted to assess the effectiveness of interventions among the amputees in the local context.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Horgan O, MacLachlan M. Psychosocial adjustment to lower-limb amputation: A review. Disabil Rehabil 2004;26:837-50.  |
| 2. | Solgajová A, Sollár T, Vörösová G. Gender, age and proactive coping as predictors of coping in patients with limb amputation. Kontakt 2015;17:e67-72. |
| 3. | Uustal H. Lower limb amputation, rehabilitation, and prosthetic restoration. In: Maitin IB, Cruz E, editors. Current Diagnosis and Treatment: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015. Available from: http://www.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1105131177. [Last accessed on 2015 Oct 25]. |
| 4. | Smith DG, Skinner HB. Amputations. In: Skinner HB, McMahon PJ, editors. Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Orthopedics. 5 th ed., Ch. 11. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2014. Available from: http://www.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=57819330. [Last accessed 2015 Oct 25]. |
| 5. | Tintle SM, Keeling JJ, Shawen SB, Forsberg JA, Potter BK. Traumatic and trauma-related amputations: Part I: General principles and lower-extremity amputations. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010;92:2852-68. |
| 6. | Attinger CE, Brown BJ. Amputation and ambulation in diabetic patients: Function is the goal. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012;28 Suppl 1:93-6. |
| 7. | Monteiro-Soares M, Martins-Mendes D, Vaz-Carneiro A, Sampaio S, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Classification systems for lower extremity amputation prediction in subjects with active diabetic foot ulcer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014;30:610-22. |
| 8. | Parkes CM. Components of the reaction to loss of a lamb, spouse or home. J Psychosom Res 1972;16:343-9. |
| 9. | Kingdon D, Pearce T. Psychological assessment and management of amputee. In: Rehabilitation of Management of the Amputees, edited by Banarjee.S. Baltimore, MD and Williams Wilkins. 1982; pp. 350-71. |
| 10. | Block WE, Ventur PA. A study of the psychoanalytic concept of castration anxiety in symbolically castrated amputees. Psychiatr Q 1963;37:518-26. |
| 11. | Goldberg RT. New trends in the rehabilitation of lower extremity amputees. Rehabil Lit 1984;45:2-11. |
| 12. | Pell JP, Donnan PT, Fowkes FG, Ruckley CV. Quality of life following lower limb amputation for peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Surg 1993;7:448-51. |
| 13. | Sinha R, Van Den Heuvel WJ. A systematic literature review of quality of life in lower limb amputees. Disabil Rehabil 2011;33:883-99. |
| 14. | Durmus D, Safaz I, Adigüzel E, Uran A, Sarisoy G, Goktepe AS, et al. The relationship between prosthesis use, phantom pain and psychiatric symptoms in male traumatic limb amputees. Compr Psychiatry 2015;59:45-53. |
| 15. | Mckechnie PS, John A. Anxiety and depression following traumatic limb amputation: A systematic review. Injury 2014;45:1859-66. |
| 16. | Cavanagh SR, Shin LM, Karamouz N, Rauch SL. Psychiatric and emotional sequelae of surgical amputation. Psychosomatics 2006;47:459-64. |
| 17. | Abeyasinghe NL, de Zoysa P, Bandara KM, Bartholameuz NA, Bandara JM. The prevalence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among soldiers with amputation of a limb or spinal injury: A report from a rehabilitation centre in Sri Lanka. Psychol Health Med 2012;17:376-81. |
| 18. | Mohan D. A report on amputees in India. Orthot Prosthet 1986;40:16-32. |
| 19. | Chadda RK, Deb KS. Indian family systems, collectivistic society and psychotherapy. Indian J Psychiatry 2013;55 Suppl 2:S299-309. |
| 20. | Pooja GD, Sangeeta L. Prevalence and aetiology of amputation in Kolkata, India: A retrospective analysis. Hong Kong Physiother J 2013;31:36-40. |
| 21. | Srivastava K, Chaudhury S. Rehabilitation after amputation: Psychotherapeutic intervention module in Indian scenario. ScientificWorldJournal 2014;2014:469385. |
| 22. | Raja R, Rai R, Sridharamurthy B, Balaji R. To Compare the effect of pre and post weight bearing anxiety, depression in conventional and modular prosthesis on unilateral transtibial amputees. J Krishna Inst Med Sci Univ 2014;3:24-33. |
| 23. | Bhojak MM, Nathawat SS. Body image, hopelessness and personality dimensions in lower limb amputees. Indian J Psychiatry 1988;30:161-5. [ PUBMED]  |
| 24. | Karira A, Shah N, Joshi D, Goregaonkar AB. Psychiatric disorders in traumatic amputation. Priv Psychiatry 2011;24:48-54. |
| 25. | Kashif AW, Walia TS, Salujha SK, Chaudhury S, Sudarsanan S, Raju M, et al. Effect of short-term psychiatric intervention in amputees. Med J Armed Forces India 2004;60:231-4. |
| 26. | Mall CP, Trivedi JK, Mishra US, Sharma VP, Dalal PK, Katiyar M, et al. Psychiatric sequelae of amputation: I immediate effects. Indian J Psychiatry 1997;39:313-7. [ PUBMED] |
| 27. | Mansoor I, Margoob MA, Masoodi N, Mushtaq H, Younis T, Hussain A, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric co morbidities in traumatic amputees – A cross sectional study from Kashmir (Indian part). Br J Med Pract 2010;3:5. |
| 28. | Muzaffar N, Mansoor I, Arifa H, Margoob MA. Psychiatric comorbidity in amputees with average sociodemographic status and the role of theologic and family support in a conflict zone. Australas J Disaster Trauma Stud 2012;2012:31-8. |
| 29. | Marqoob MA, Khan AY, Majid A, Mansur I, Gani N, Farooq M, et al. Prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder after amputation: A preliminary study from Kashmir. JK Pract 2008;15:5-7. |
| 30. | Mozumdar A, Roy SK. Depression in adult males with lower extremity amputation and its bio-social correlates. Health ( N Y) 2010;2:878-89. |
| 31. | Shukla GD, Sahu SC, Tripathi RP, Gupta DK. Phantom limb: A phenomenological study. Br J Psychiatry 1982;141:54-8. |
| 32. | Shukla GD, Sahu SC, Tripathi RP, Gupta DK. A psychiatric study of amputees. Br J Psychiatry 1982;141:50-3. |
| 33. | Srivastava K, Saldanha D, Chaudhury S, Ryali V, Goyal S, Bhattacharyya D, et al. A study of psychological correlates after amputation. Med J Armed Forces India 2010;66:367-73. |
| 34. | Trivedi JK, Mall CP, Mishra US, Sharma VP, Dalal PK, Katiyar M, et al. Psychiatric sequelae of amputation: ii long term effects. Indian J Psychiatry 1997;39:318-23. [ PUBMED] |
| 35. | Ganguli HC. Epidemiological findings on prevalence of mental disorders in India. Indian J Psychiatry 2000;42:14-20. [ PUBMED] |
| 36. | Math SB, Chandrashekar CR, Bhugra D. Psychiatric epidemiology in India. Indian J Med Res 2007;126:183-92. [ PUBMED] |
[Table 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Understanding and Measuring the Cognitive Load of Amputees for Rehabilitation and Prosthesis Development |
|
| Robin Rackerby, Stephan Lukosch, Deborah Munro | | Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation. 2022; 4(3): 100216 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
An insight into Transfemoral Prostheses: Materials, modelling, simulation, fabrication, testing, clinical evaluation and performance perspectives |
|
| K. Amudhan, A. Vasanthanathan, J. Anish Jafrin Thilak | | Expert Review of Medical Devices. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Prosthesis Donning and Doffing Questionnaire for Persons with Transtibial Amputations |
|
| Esra Giray, Arezoo Eshraghi, Osman Hakan Gündüz | | JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics. 2022; 34(2): 122 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Can Bed-Side Grief Counseling Sessions Enhance Recovery in a Patient With Posttrauma Amputation: A Case Report |
|
| Mir N., Maqbool M., Sagar R., Sagar S. | | Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2022; : 0253717621 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Trends of limb amputation considering type, level, sex and age in Saskatchewan, Canada 2006–2019: an in-depth assessment |
|
| Samuel Kwaku Essien, David Kopriva, A. Gary Linassi, Audrey Zucker-Levin | | Archives of Public Health. 2022; 80(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Lower limb amputations among individuals living with diabetes mellitus in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review protocol |
|
| Eyitayo Omolara Owolabi, Davies Adeloye, Anthony Idowu Ajayi, Michael McCaul, Justine Davies, Kathryn M. Chu, Daoud Al-Badriyeh | | PLOS ONE. 2022; 17(4): e0266907 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Acute influence of an adaptive sporting event on quality of life in veterans with disabilities |
|
| Alexis N. Sidiropoulos, Jonathan J. Glasberg, Timothy E. Moore, Leif M. Nelson, Jason T. Maikos, Yih-Kuen Jan | | PLOS ONE. 2022; 17(11): e0277909 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Knowledge, attitude and perception towards lower limb amputation amongst persons living with diabetes in rural South Africa: A qualitative study |
|
| Eyitayo O. Owolabi, Kathryn M. Chu | | African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine. 2022; 14(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Incidence and trends of limb amputation in first nations and general population in Saskatchewan, 2006–2019 |
|
| Samuel Kwaku Essien, Gary Linassi, Margaret Larocque, Audrey Zucker-Levin, Sabeena Jalal | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(7): e0254543 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
THE BONE-BRAIN AXIS? BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF ORTHOPEDICS AND A MENTAL WELLBEING ACTION PLAN IN MUSCULOSKELETAL CARE |
|
| Christos Tsagkaris, Andreas S. Papazoglou, Iryna B. Romash, Dimitrios V. Moysidis, Ivan R. Romash, Luiza Gabunia, Taras Gorbatiuk | | Wiadomosci Lekarskie. 2021; 74(11): 2829 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Self-Esteem as a Predictor of Psychological Adjustment to Limb Loss: A Case Study of Acquired Limb Amputation |
|
| Shaista Ali, Muhammad Waqar, Musarrat Anwar, Muhammad Zahid, Abdul Sattar, Muhammad Arif | | Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science. 2021; 8(3): 53 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
“I Wish I Could Have My Leg”: A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of Individuals With Lower Limb Amputation |
|
| Cigdem Canbolat Seyman, Yeter Sinem Uzar Ozcetin | | Clinical Nursing Research. 2021; : 1054773821 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Estimation of Health Utility and Quality Adjusted Life Years in Bilateral Hand Transplantation |
|
| Ankita Harijee, Krishnakumar Thankappan, Mohit Sharma, Nagesh Noothanapati NageswaraRao, Tejal Patel, Renjitha Bhaskaran, Manu Raj, Karimassery Ramaiyer Sundaram, Subramania Iyer | | Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2021; 86(3): 345 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Amputations of Lower Limb in Subjects with Diabetes Mellitus: Reasons and 30-Day Mortality |
|
| Magdalena Walicka, Marta Raczynska, Karolina Marcinkowska, Iga Lisicka, Arthur Czaicki, Waldemar Wierzba, Edward Franek, Madziarska Katarzyna | | Journal of Diabetes Research. 2021; 2021: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
The Effect of Adding Virtual Reality Training on Traditional Exercise Program on Balance and Gait in Unilateral, Traumatic Lower Limb Amputee |
|
| Rami L. Abbas, Didier Cooreman, Hala Al Sultan, Mayssah El Nayal, Ibtissam M. Saab, Ayman El Khatib | | Games for Health Journal. 2021; 10(1): 50 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Interdisciplinary Care for Amputees Network: A Novel Approach to the Management of Amputee Patient Populations |
|
| Nikhil Sobti, Andy Park, David Crandell, Felicia A. Smith, Ian Valerio, Santiago A. Lozano-Calderon, Kyle R. Eberlin, Marilyn Heng | | Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. 2021; 9(2): e3384 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Secondary finger amputation after a work accident |
|
| Germain Pomares, Henry Coudane, François Dap, Gilles Dautel | | Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2021; 107(5): 102968 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Les amputations secondaires des doigts longs après un accident de travail |
|
| Germain Pomares, Henry Coudane, François Dap, Gilles Dautel | | Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique. 2021; 107(5): 547 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Psychiatric Disease after Isolated Traumatic Upper Extremity Amputation |
|
| Shirley Shue, Yuewei Wu-Fienberg, Kyle J. Chepla | | Journal of Hand and Microsurgery. 2021; 13(02): 075 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Lachesis mutus and Calendula officinalis Q in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Treatment–Two Case Reports |
|
| K. C. Muraleedharan, Pooja Prakash | | Homœopathic Links. 2021; 34(02): 164 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Comparison of Health State Utility Measures and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire Scores in Bilateral Hand Amputees |
|
| Ankita Harijee, Krishnakumar Thankappan, Jimmy Mathew, Mohit Sharma, Subramania Iyer | | Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Adherence rates of person-centered language in amputation research: A cross-sectional analysis |
|
| Shannon Headley, Ike Potter, Ryan Ottwell, Taylor Rogers, Matt Vassar, Micah Hartwell | | Disability and Health Journal. 2021; : 101172 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
A low-cost transradial prosthesis controlled by the intention of muscular contraction |
|
| Alok Prakash, Shiru Sharma | | Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine. 2021; 44(1): 229 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Crossing the rubicon: Exploring different peri – Operative fluid resuscitation strategies in traumatic extremity free tissue transfer- a retrospective case control study |
|
| Efstathios Karamanos, Rajaie Hazboun, Noah Saad, Alyssa Langley, Ahmed A. Makhani, Ameesh N. Dev, Howard T. Wang, Douglas Cromack | | Orthoplastic Surgery. 2021; 4: 6 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Psychological effects of traumatic upper-limb amputations |
|
| Germain Pomares, Henry Coudane, François Dap, Gilles Dautel | | Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2020; 106(2): 297 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Traumatic upper-limb amputation: The process toward acceptance |
|
| Germain Pomares, Henry Coudane, François Dap, Gilles Dautel | | Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2020; 106(7): 1419 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Commentary. Diabetic foot disease: ‘I am a person – look beyond my symptoms’ |
|
| John Bardwell | | Practical Diabetes. 2020; 37(2): 49 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Quality of life among Syrian patients with war-related lower limb amputation at the Military Hospital in Lattakia |
|
| Frial Mahmoud Nizamli | | International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2020; 7(3): 297 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Impact psychologique des amputations traumatiques du membre supérieur |
|
| Germain Pomares, Henry Coudane, François Dap, Gilles Dautel | | Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique. 2020; 106(2): 146 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Les victimes d’une amputation traumatique du membre supérieur : le processus vers l’acceptation |
|
| Germain Pomares, Henry Coudane, François Dap, Gilles Dautel | | Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique. 2020; 106(7): 878 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Lower Limb Amputations- A Necessary Evil- An Observational Study from a North Indian Tertiary Care Hospital |
|
| Utkarsh Garg, Ram Gopal Sharma, Karishma Bansal, Kritesh Goel, Hardik Brahmbhatt | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2020; 9(12): 995 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Sociodemographic Determinants for the Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients with Vascular Amputations as Determined with the Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire |
|
| José Vicente Benavent, José María Tenías, Ana Pellin, Jorge Casaña Mohedo, Ana Cristina Cabellos-García, Vicente Gea-Caballero | | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8): 2691 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Human Hand Anatomy-Based Prosthetic Hand |
|
| Larisa Dunai, Martin Novak, Carmen García Espert | | Sensors. 2020; 21(1): 137 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Team Approach: Modern-Day Prostheses in the Mangled Hand |
|
| Matthew Delarosa, R. Glenn Gaston, Bryan Loeffler, Brian Monroe, Stacy Rumfelt | | JBJS Reviews. 2019; 7(7): e6 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Chopart amputation with tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis and free flap reconstruction for severe foot crush injury |
|
| Y-C. Chiu, T-C. Chung, C-H. Wu, K-L. Tsai, I-M Jou, Y-K. Tu, C-H. Ma | | The Bone & Joint Journal. 2018; 100-B(10): 1359 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
